Define and recognize examples of deductive reasoning.
Describe and recognize examples of people's tendency towards "confirmation bias".
Explain the weakness of confirming evidence compared to disconfirming evidence.
Provide examples of people's tendency to seek confirming rather than disconfirming evidence.
Explain Wason's study in which he asked people to find the general rule for the numbers 2, 4, and 6.
Recognize examples of people's tendency to fail to consider alternative hypotheses.
Recognize examples of people's tendency to disregard and to forget disconfirming evidence.
Explain the studies of Ross et al. (subjects told they were above or below average in discriminating fake from authentic suicide notes) in which people demonstrated belief perseverance.
Recognize examples of categorical syllogisms.
Explain the "atmosphere" effect that is believed to account for people's errors in categorical syllogisms
Explain and give examples of "conversion errors" in reasoning with categorical syllogisms.
Recognize examples of conditional reasoning.
Define "modus ponens" and "modus tollens".
Describe the Wason four card selection task, and the typical results obtained with it.
Describe some of the effects of content on performance on the Wason four card task.
Explain the evidence for the effects of familiarity on Wason task.
Explain the evidence for the effects of pragmatic reasoning schemas (permission schema) on the Wason task.
Explain the concept of an evolved ability to check for cheaters (social contract theory) to explain the performance on the Wason task.
Describe what a "mental model" is, according to Johnson-Laird's "mental model" approach to reasoning with syllogisms.
Explain how people use mental models to reason about syllogisms.
State whether a logical statement can be modeled by only one mental model, or more than one.
Explain the effect of logical statements that can be modeled in more than one way on the ease or difficulty of reasoning about the statement.